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Seed Formation Problems: Phosphorus deficiency can affect the seed formation of plants and

reduce seed quality.

16.2.2 Phosphorus Excess

Mineral Imbalance: Phosphorus excess can cause mineral imbalances in plants and inhibit the
absorption of other nutrients.

Toxicity: Phosphorus excess can lead to plant toxicity and cause symptoms such as burns or

chlorosis (yellowing of leaves).

Nutrient Poisoning: Phosphorus excess can reduce the bioavailability of other nutrients in the

soil and damage plants.

Environmental Pollution: Excess phosphorus can cause environmental pollution in agricultural

fields and irrigation water. The leaching of excess phosphorus into water bodies can adversely
affect aquatic ecosystems and lead to algal blooms.

Therefore, it is important to ensure a balanced supply of phosphorus in the plant. In case of

phosphorus deficiency, fertilizers containing appropriate phosphorus can be applied to the
plants. In case of phosphorus excess, measures should be taken to improve the soil and to

provide phosphorus in balance with other nutrients. It is important to carry out regular soil
analyses and to ensure the balance of nutrients to protect plant health.

16.3. Potassium

Potassium is an important macronutrient for plants and is vital for plant growth, development,
and metabolism [97]. The main functions of potassium in plants are as follows:

Water Balance and Osmoregulation: Potassium regulates the water balance in plant cells.

Potassium ions inside the cell regulate the turgor pressure (tension) of the cell by controlling
the entry of water into the cell. This allows plants to regulate the uptake and loss of water,

ensuring a regular transport of water.

Photosynthesis and Respiration: Potassium affects the processes of photosynthesis and
respiration in plants. In chloroplasts (the organelle where photosynthesis takes place),

potassium is involved in the structure of chlorophyll molecules and photosynthetic enzymes.
Therefore, it regulates photosynthesis processes and enables plants to produce food by using

solar energy.

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