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carbohydrate, oils, and polyphenols. Together with these biologically active metabolites, a good

substrate for vermicomposting that will form good peat-like manure can be produced.
Furthermore, crop residue from cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, and other crops is collected after

harvesting and used as vermicomposting material. However, this materials should come from a
field that has not been treated with insecticides or pesticides.

Paper is a versatile waste generated by municipal solid waste and industries. India accounts for

approximately 1.5% of total global paper and paperboard production. There is a risky situation
because there is no effective paper collection and management system. Paper is generally made

from plants and contains a significant amount of organic material, making it an excellent
material for composting.

Rice straw, mycostraw that is the residue after mushroom cultivation is left as waste material
but is full of nutrition. So can also be a hospitable bedding material for vermicomposting. Rice

hulls ash, coconut husk, tea waste, cotton balls are also used as the bed of vermicomposting

[19]. However, the substrates (nutrients) commonly used in vermicomposting;

Kitchen Waste: Kitchen wastes such as vegetable and fruit peels, vegetable scraps, coffee

grounds, and tea bags are suitable materials for compost.

Garden Waste: Garden waste such as grass cuttings, pruning residues, leaves, plant stems and

flower residues can also be used in composting.

Leaves: Leave collected from the garden in autumn are valuable compost material.

Wood Crumbs: Wood chips, wood scraps, and wood pellets can also be used for compost.

Paper and Cardboard: Especially recyclable paper and cardboard materials can be suitable
for composting. However, the use of colored and glossy paper should be avoided.

Animal Manure: Some animal manure, especially the manure of grazing animals such as
horses, chickens, cows, and horses, can be used in composting. However, ineffective animal

manure such as dog and cat manure should not be preferred in composting.

Food Waste: Food waste and vegetable waste are organic materials that can be used in compost.

Coffee Pulp: Used coffee pulp is a valuable material with its nitrogen content in compost.

Egg Shells: Egg shells are a suitable material for compost with their calcium content.

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