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➢ Minimizing waste;
➢ Maximizing the reuse and recycling of environmentally sensitive wastes;
➢ Promoting environmentally friendly waste disposal and treatment;
➢ Expanding the scope of waste service.
Figure 9. Solid waste management approaches [55]
After Rio, most countries generally accepted this hierarchy as a strategy towards an
environmentally sound waste management system. Over the last decade, the concept of
Integrated Waste Management (IWM) has evolved and is slowly becoming accepted by
decision makers. IWM is based on a range of approaches to waste management, including all
aspects of waste management from production to disposal and all stages in between, where
technical, cultural, social, economic and environmental factors are taken into account as
appropriate. Resource recovery is critical and part of this strategy [54, 56]. Current urban
organic waste recycling practices include:
➢ Use of fresh waste from vegetable markets, restaurants and hotels and food processing
industries as feed for urban livestock,
➢ Direct application of solid waste to and from the soil,
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