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small-scale decentralized approaches to receive comprehensive government support at the

national level has limited the success of studies carried out within this framework.
By far, the better composting options are those that are decentralized and use organic waste as

close to the source as possible. Decentralized on-site (for commercial organic waste) and on-
site (for domestic organic waste) are the preferred levels of intervention, with each intervention

requiring appropriate technology at an appropriate scale. Essentially, the primary function is all
about obtaining nutrients. Recycling organic matter from waste to the soil in the most efficient

and effective way; hence the prioritization of backyard composting (home) and decentralized

(community) approaches. Centralized municipal approaches do not have a good track record
and potential economies of scale benefits have not been realized due to operational and

marketing constraints.
As a result, the necessity of implementing small and regional scale, limited capacity waste

management strategies stands out as the basis for establishing effective waste management

systems. Collecting and recycling organic waste by each farm itself or by a cluster (network) of
a certain number of farms coming together would be a correct and manageable approach. In

urban areas, the establishment of small collection centers (in every street or neighborhood) by
municipalities to separate organic waste at source may be a feasible solution (Figure 10 and

11).

Figure 10. City of Burnaby waste collection center [57]

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