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In excess of iron, tanning, tiny brown spots appear on the leaves.

16.8. Manganese

Manganese is an important micronutrient for plants and has various functions in plants [102].

The main functions of manganese are as follows:

Chlorophyll Synthesis: Manganese is present in the structure of chlorophyll molecules in plants
and plays an important role in chlorophyll synthesis. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that

enables plants to produce nutrients by using solar energy in the process of photosynthesis.

Antioxidant Activity: Manganese is involved in the activation of antioxidant enzymes in plants.
These enzymes help plants fight oxidative stress and prevent damage to cells.

Enzyme Activation: Manganese plays an important role in the activation of many enzymes in
plants. It is especially involved in the structure of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions and

regulates the metabolism of plants.

Nitrate Reduction: Manganese plays an important role in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and

then to ammonia in plants.

Phosphoric Acid Metabolism: Manganese plays an important role in phosphoric acid
metabolism in plants and regulates phosphorus absorption and transport by plants.

Increases the availability of P and Ca in plants.

16.8.1. Manganese Deficiency

Chlorosis (Leaf Yellowing): Manganese deficiency, chlorosis (yellowish green) can be seen in
the leaves of plants. Intermediate veins of leaves and young leaves are affected. Manganese

deficiency is similar to iron deficiency in plants. Grey spots and streaks appear on the leaves.

If severe, plants become stunted.

Decrease in Photosynthesis Efficiency: Manganese deficiency can reduce nutrient production

by negatively affecting the photosynthesis process in plants.

Growth Retardation: Manganese deficiency adversely affects the normal growth and
development of plants. Plants may have smaller leaves and poorly branched stems.

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