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16.8.2. Manganese Excess
Toxicity: Excess manganese can cause toxicity to plants. High manganese levels can cause
spotting, burns, and drying of leaves. Older leaves will show a chlorotic zone and brown spots
surrounded by a circle.
It may inhibit the absorption of other nutrients: Manganese excess can lead to mineral
imbalances in plants by inhibiting the absorption and transport of other nutrients.
16.9. Copper
Copper is one of the micronutrients required in trace amounts for plants and has various
functions in plants [103]. The main functions of copper are:
Enzyme Activation: Copper plays an important role in the activation of many enzymes in plants.
It is especially involved in the structure of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions and regulates
the metabolism of plants.
Supporting Cell Wall and Tissue Structure: Copper helps support cell walls and tissue structure
in plants. This is important for maintaining the structural integrity of plants.
Phosphorus Metabolism: Copper regulates phosphorus metabolism in plants, allowing plants to
absorb and transport phosphorus.
Chlorophyll Synthesis: Copper is present in the structure of chlorophyll molecules in plants and
contributes to chlorophyll synthesis. Chlorophyll is the green pigment that enables plants to
produce nutrients by using solar energy in the photosynthesis process.
It is a catalyst for respiration. Provides balancing of water movement in the plant.
16.9.1. Copper Deficiency
In copper deficiency, plant growth slows down, and plants begin to deteriorate. Young leaves
and the death of the growth point are experienced. Copper deficiency, chlorosis (yellowish
green) can be seen in the leaves of plants. This is due to the effect of chlorophyll synthesis.
Slow Growth and Development: Copper deficiency can negatively affect the growth rate and
development of plants. Plants may have smaller leaves and poorly branched stems.
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